## This file was generated by running: ## cat functions/exit.c functions/file.c functions/file_print.c functions/malloc.c functions/calloc.c functions/match.c functions/numerate_number.c functions/stat.c test/test22/hex2_linker.c >| ../stage0/stage3/hex2_linker_x86.c ## inside of M2-Planet's source repo ## Copyright (C) 2016 Jeremiah Orians ## This file is part of stage0. ## ## stage0 is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify ## it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by ## the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or ## (at your option) any later version. ## ## stage0 is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ## but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ## MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the ## GNU General Public License for more details. ## ## You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License ## along with stage0. If not, see . // CONSTANT EXIT_FAILURE 1 // CONSTANT EXIT_SUCCESS 0 void exit(int value) { asm("POP_ebx" "POP_ebx" "LOAD_IMMEDIATE_eax %1" "INT_80"); } /* Copyright (C) 2016 Jeremiah Orians * This file is part of stage0. * * stage0 is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or * (at your option) any later version. * * stage0 is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the * GNU General Public License for more details. * * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License * along with stage0. If not, see . */ // CONSTANT stdin 0 // CONSTANT stdout 1 // CONSTANT stderr 2 // CONSTANT EOF 0xFFFFFFFF int fgetc(FILE* f) { asm("LOAD_IMMEDIATE_eax %3" "LOAD_EFFECTIVE_ADDRESS_ebx %4" "LOAD_INTEGER_ebx" "PUSH_ebx" "COPY_esp_to_ecx" "LOAD_IMMEDIATE_edx %1" "INT_80" "TEST" "POP_eax" "JUMP_NE8 !FUNCTION_fgetc_Done" "LOAD_IMMEDIATE_eax %-1" ":FUNCTION_fgetc_Done"); } void fputc(char s, FILE* f) { asm("LOAD_IMMEDIATE_eax %4" "LOAD_EFFECTIVE_ADDRESS_ebx %4" "LOAD_INTEGER_ebx" "LOAD_EFFECTIVE_ADDRESS_ecx %8" "LOAD_IMMEDIATE_edx %1" "INT_80"); } /* Important values needed for open * O_RDONLY => 0 * O_WRONLY => 1 * O_RDWR => 2 * O_CREAT => 64 * O_TRUNC => 512 * S_IRWXU => 00700 * S_IXUSR => 00100 * S_IWUSR => 00200 * S_IRUSR => 00400 */ FILE* open(char* name, int flag, int mode) { asm("LOAD_EFFECTIVE_ADDRESS_ebx %12" "LOAD_INTEGER_ebx" "LOAD_EFFECTIVE_ADDRESS_ecx %8" "LOAD_INTEGER_ecx" "LOAD_EFFECTIVE_ADDRESS_edx %4" "LOAD_INTEGER_edx" "LOAD_IMMEDIATE_eax %5" "INT_80"); } FILE* fopen(char* filename, char* mode) { FILE* f; if('w' == mode[0]) { /* 577 is O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_TRUNC, 384 is 600 in octal */ f = open(filename, 577 , 384); } else { /* Everything else is a read */ f = open(filename, 0, 0); } /* Negative numbers are error codes */ if(0 > f) { return 0; } return f; } int close(int fd) { asm("LOAD_EFFECTIVE_ADDRESS_ebx %4" "LOAD_IMMEDIATE_eax %6" "INT_80"); } int fclose(FILE* stream) { int error = close(stream); return error; } /* Copyright (C) 2016 Jeremiah Orians * This file is part of stage0. * * stage0 is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or * (at your option) any later version. * * stage0 is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the * GNU General Public License for more details. * * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License * along with stage0. If not, see . */ #include // void fputc(char s, FILE* f); void file_print(char* s, FILE* f) { while(0 != s[0]) { fputc(s[0], f); s = s + 1; } } ## Copyright (C) 2016 Jeremiah Orians ## This file is part of stage0. ## ## stage0 is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify ## it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by ## the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or ## (at your option) any later version. ## ## stage0 is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ## but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ## MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the ## GNU General Public License for more details. ## ## You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License ## along with stage0. If not, see . // CONSTANT NULL 0 void* malloc(int size) { asm("STORE_eax_into_ESP_IMMEDIATE8 !4" "PUSH_eax" "LOAD_IMMEDIATE_eax %45" "LOAD_IMMEDIATE_ebx %0" "INT_80" "POP_ebx" "ADD_eax_to_ebx" "PUSH_eax" "PUSH_ebx" "LOAD_IMMEDIATE_eax %45" "INT_80" "POP_ebx" "CMP" "POP_eax" "JUMP_EQ8 !FUNCTION_malloc_Done" "LOAD_IMMEDIATE_eax %-1" ":FUNCTION_malloc_Done"); } /* Copyright (C) 2016 Jeremiah Orians * This file is part of stage0. * * stage0 is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or * (at your option) any later version. * * stage0 is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the * GNU General Public License for more details. * * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License * along with stage0. If not, see . */ // void* malloc(int size); void* memset(void* ptr, int value, int num) { char* s; for(s = ptr; 0 < num; num = num - 1) { s[0] = value; s = s + 1; } } void* calloc(int count, int size) { void* ret = malloc(count * size); memset(ret, 0, (count * size)); return ret; } void free(void* l) { return; } /* Copyright (C) 2016 Jeremiah Orians * This file is part of stage0. * * stage0 is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or * (at your option) any later version. * * stage0 is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the * GNU General Public License for more details. * * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License * along with stage0. If not, see . */ #define FALSE 0 // CONSTANT FALSE 0 #define TRUE 1 // CONSTANT TRUE 1 int match(char* a, char* b) { int i = -1; do { i = i + 1; if(a[i] != b[i]) { return FALSE; } } while((0 != a[i]) && (0 !=b[i])); return TRUE; } /* Copyright (C) 2016 Jeremiah Orians * This file is part of stage0. * * stage0 is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or * (at your option) any later version. * * stage0 is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the * GNU General Public License for more details. * * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License * along with stage0. If not, see . */ #include #include // void* calloc(int count, int size); #define TRUE 1 //CONSTANT TRUE 1 #define FALSE 0 //CONSTANT FALSE 0 char* numerate_number(int a) { char* result = calloc(16, sizeof(char)); int i = 0; /* Deal with Zero case */ if(0 == a) { result[0] = '0'; return result; } /* Deal with negatives */ if(0 > a) { result[0] = '-'; i = 1; a = a * -1; } /* Using the largest 10^n number possible in 32bits */ int divisor = 0x3B9ACA00; /* Skip leading Zeros */ while(0 == (a / divisor)) divisor = divisor / 10; /* Now simply collect numbers until divisor is gone */ while(0 < divisor) { result[i] = ((a / divisor) + 48); a = a % divisor; divisor = divisor / 10; i = i + 1; } return result; } int char2hex(int c) { if (c >= '0' && c <= '9') return (c - 48); else if (c >= 'a' && c <= 'f') return (c - 87); else if (c >= 'A' && c <= 'F') return (c - 55); else return -1; } int hex2char(int c) { if((c >= 0) && (c <= 9)) return (c + 48); else if((c >= 10) && (c <= 15)) return (c + 55); else return -1; } int char2dec(int c) { if (c >= '0' && c <= '9') return (c - 48); else return -1; } int dec2char(int c) { if((c >= 0) && (c <= 9)) return (c + 48); else return -1; } int numerate_string(char *a) { int count = 0; int index; int negative; /* If NULL string */ if(0 == a[0]) { return 0; } /* Deal with hex */ else if (a[0] == '0' && a[1] == 'x') { if('-' == a[2]) { negative = TRUE; index = 3; } else { negative = FALSE; index = 2; } while(0 != a[index]) { if(-1 == char2hex(a[index])) return 0; count = (16 * count) + char2hex(a[index]); index = index + 1; } } /* Deal with decimal */ else { if('-' == a[0]) { negative = TRUE; index = 1; } else { negative = FALSE; index = 0; } while(0 != a[index]) { if(-1 == char2dec(a[index])) return 0; count = (10 * count) + char2dec(a[index]); index = index + 1; } } if(negative) { count = count * -1; } return count; } ## Copyright (C) 2016 Jeremiah Orians ## This file is part of stage0. ## ## stage0 is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify ## it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by ## the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or ## (at your option) any later version. ## ## stage0 is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ## but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ## MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the ## GNU General Public License for more details. ## ## You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License ## along with stage0. If not, see . /* * chmod() changes the mode of the file specified whose pathname is given in * pathname, which is dereferenced if it is a symbolic link. * fchmod() changes the mode of the file referred to by the open file * descriptor fd. * The new file mode is specified in mode, which is a bit mask created by * ORing together zero or more of the following: * S_ISUID (04000) set-user-ID (set process effective user ID on execve(2)) * S_ISGID (02000) set-group-ID (set process effective group ID on execve(2) * mandatory locking, as described in fcntl(2); take a new file's group from * parent directory, as described in chown(2) and mkdir(2)) * S_ISVTX (01000) sticky bit (restricted deletion flag, as described in * unlink(2)) * S_IRUSR (00400) read by owner * S_IWUSR (00200) write by owner * S_IXUSR (00100) execute/search by owner ("search" applies for directories * , and means that entries within the directory can be accessed) * S_IRGRP (00040) read by group * S_IWGRP (00020) write by group * S_IXGRP (00010) execute/search by group * S_IROTH (00004) read by others * S_IWOTH (00002) write by others * S_IXOTH (00001) execute/search by others */ int chmod(char *pathname, int mode) { asm("LOAD_EFFECTIVE_ADDRESS_ebx %8" "LOAD_INTEGER_ebx" "LOAD_EFFECTIVE_ADDRESS_ecx %4" "LOAD_INTEGER_ecx" "LOAD_IMMEDIATE_eax %15" "INT_80"); } /* -*- c-file-style: "linux";indent-tabs-mode:t -*- */ /* Copyright (C) 2017 Jeremiah Orians * Copyright (C) 2017 Jan Nieuwenhuizen * This file is part of mescc-tools * * mescc-tools is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or * (at your option) any later version. * * mescc-tools is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the * GNU General Public License for more details. * * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License * along with mescc-tools. If not, see . */ #include #include #include #include #include #define max_string 4096 //CONSTANT max_string 4096 #define TRUE 1 //CONSTANT TRUE 1 #define FALSE 0 //CONSTANT FALSE 0 void file_print(char* s, FILE* f); int match(char* a, char* b); char* numerate_number(int a); int numerate_string(char *a); struct input_files { struct input_files* next; char* filename; }; struct entry { struct entry* next; unsigned target; char* name; }; FILE* output; struct entry* jump_table; int BigEndian; int Base_Address; int Architecture; int ByteMode; int exec_enable; int ip; char* scratch; char* scratch2; int consume_token(FILE* source_file, char* s) { int i = 0; int c = fgetc(source_file); do { if(NULL != s) s[i] = c; i = i + 1; c = fgetc(source_file); } while((' ' != c) && ('\t' != c) && ('\n' != c) && '>' != c); return c; } unsigned GetTarget(char* c) { struct entry* i; for(i = jump_table; NULL != i; i = i->next) { if(match(c, i->name)) { return i->target; } } file_print("Target label ", stderr); file_print(c, stderr); file_print(" is not valid\n", stderr); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } int storeLabel(FILE* source_file, int ip) { struct entry* entry = calloc(1, sizeof(struct entry)); /* Prepend to list */ entry->next = jump_table; jump_table = entry; /* Store string */ entry->name = calloc(max_string + 1, sizeof(char)); int c = consume_token(source_file, entry->name); /* Ensure we have target address */ entry->target = ip; return c; } void range_check(int displacement, int number_of_bytes) { if(4 == number_of_bytes) return; else if (3 == number_of_bytes) { if((8388607 < displacement) || (displacement < -8388608)) { file_print("A displacement of ", stderr); file_print(numerate_number(displacement), stderr); file_print(" does not fit in 3 bytes\n", stderr); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } return; } else if (2 == number_of_bytes) { if((32767 < displacement) || (displacement < -32768)) { file_print("A displacement of ", stderr); file_print(numerate_number(displacement), stderr); file_print(" does not fit in 2 bytes\n", stderr); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } return; } else if (1 == number_of_bytes) { if((127 < displacement) || (displacement < -128)) { file_print("A displacement of ", stderr); file_print(numerate_number(displacement), stderr); file_print(" does not fit in 1 byte\n", stderr); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } return; } file_print("Invalid number of bytes given\n", stderr); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } void outputPointer(int displacement, int number_of_bytes) { unsigned value = displacement; /* HALT HARD if we are going to do something BAD*/ range_check(displacement, number_of_bytes); if(BigEndian) { /* Deal with BigEndian */ if(4 == number_of_bytes) fputc((value >> 24), output); if(3 <= number_of_bytes) fputc(((value >> 16)%256), output); if(2 <= number_of_bytes) fputc(((value >> 8)%256), output); if(1 <= number_of_bytes) fputc((value % 256), output); } else { /* Deal with LittleEndian */ while(number_of_bytes > 0) { unsigned byte = value % 256; value = value / 256; fputc(byte, output); number_of_bytes = number_of_bytes - 1; } } } int Architectural_displacement(int target, int base) { if(0 == Architecture) return (target - base); else if(1 == Architecture) return (target - base); else if(2 == Architecture) return (target - base); else if(40 == Architecture) return (target - base); file_print("Unknown Architecture, aborting before harm is done\n", stderr); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } int ConsumePointer(char ch, FILE* source_file, char* s) { /* Calculate pointer size*/ if((37 == ch) || (38 == ch)) ip = ip + 4; /* Deal with % and & */ else if((64 == ch) || (36 == ch)) ip = ip + 2; /* Deal with @ and $ */ else if(33 == ch) ip = ip + 1; /* Deal with ! */ else { file_print("storePointer given unknown\n", stderr); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } return consume_token(source_file, s); } void storePointer(char ch, FILE* source_file) { /* Get string of pointer */ memset (scratch, 0, max_string + 1); int base_sep_p = (ConsumePointer(ch, source_file, scratch) == 62); /* '>' */ /* Lookup token */ int target = GetTarget(scratch); int displacement; int base = ip; /* Change relative base address to : */ if (base_sep_p) { memset (scratch2, 0, max_string + 1); consume_token (source_file, scratch2); base = GetTarget (scratch2); } displacement = Architectural_displacement(target, base); /* output calculated difference */ if(33 == ch) { if(40 == Architecture) outputPointer(displacement - 7, 1); /* Deal with ! */ else outputPointer(displacement, 1); /* Deal with ! */ } else if(36 == ch) outputPointer(target, 2); /* Deal with $ */ else if(64 == ch) outputPointer(displacement, 2); /* Deal with @ */ else if(38 == ch) outputPointer(target, 4); /* Deal with & */ else if(37 == ch) outputPointer(displacement, 4); /* Deal with % */ else { file_print("storePointer reached impossible case: ch=", stderr); fputc(ch, stderr); file_print("\n", stderr); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } } void line_Comment(FILE* source_file) { int c = fgetc(source_file); while((10 != c) && (13 != c)) { c = fgetc(source_file); } } int hex(int c, FILE* source_file) { if (c >= '0' && c <= '9') return (c - 48); else if (c >= 'a' && c <= 'z') return (c - 87); else if (c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z') return (c - 55); else if (c == '#' || c == ';') line_Comment(source_file); return -1; } int octal(int c, FILE* source_file) { if (c >= '0' && c <= '7') return (c - 48); else if (c == '#' || c == ';') line_Comment(source_file); return -1; } int binary(int c, FILE* source_file) { if (c == '0' || c == '1') return (c - 48); else if (c == '#' || c == ';') line_Comment(source_file); return -1; } int hold; int toggle; void process_byte(char c, FILE* source_file, int write) { if(16 == ByteMode) { if(0 <= hex(c, source_file)) { if(toggle) { if(write) fputc(((hold * 16)) + hex(c, source_file), output); ip = ip + 1; hold = 0; } else { hold = hex(c, source_file); } toggle = !toggle; } } else if(8 ==ByteMode) { if(0 <= octal(c, source_file)) { if(2 == toggle) { if(write) fputc(((hold * 8)) + octal(c, source_file), output); ip = ip + 1; hold = 0; toggle = 0; } else if(1 == toggle) { hold = ((hold * 8) + octal(c, source_file)); toggle = 2; } else { hold = octal(c, source_file); toggle = 1; } } } else if(2 == ByteMode) { if(0 <= binary(c, source_file)) { if(7 == toggle) { if(write) fputc((hold * 2) + binary(c, source_file), output); ip = ip + 1; hold = 0; toggle = 0; } else { hold = ((hold * 2) + binary(c, source_file)); toggle = toggle + 1; } } } } void first_pass(struct input_files* input) { if(NULL == input) return; first_pass(input->next); FILE* source_file = fopen(input->filename, "r"); if(NULL == source_file) { file_print("The file: ", stderr); file_print(input->filename, stderr); file_print(" can not be opened!\n", stderr); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } toggle = FALSE; int c; for(c = fgetc(source_file); EOF != c; c = fgetc(source_file)) { /* Check for and deal with label */ if(58 == c) { c = storeLabel(source_file, ip); } /* check for and deal with relative/absolute pointers to labels */ if((33 == c) || (64 == c) || (36 == c) || (37 == c) || (38 == c)) { /* deal with 1byte pointer !; 2byte pointers (@ and $); 4byte pointers (% and &) */ c = ConsumePointer(c, source_file, NULL); if (62 == c) { /* deal with label>base */ c = consume_token (source_file, NULL); } } else process_byte(c, source_file, FALSE); } fclose(source_file); } void second_pass(struct input_files* input) { if(NULL == input) return; second_pass(input->next); FILE* source_file = fopen(input->filename, "r"); /* Something that should never happen */ if(NULL == source_file) { file_print("The file: ", stderr); file_print(input->filename, stderr); file_print(" can not be opened!\nWTF-pass2\n", stderr); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } toggle = FALSE; hold = 0; int c; for(c = fgetc(source_file); EOF != c; c = fgetc(source_file)) { if(58 == c) c = consume_token(source_file, NULL); /* Deal with : */ else if((33 == c) || (64 == c) || (36 == c) || (37 == c) || (38 == c)) storePointer(c, source_file); /* Deal with !, @, $, % and & */ else process_byte(c, source_file, TRUE); } fclose(source_file); } /* Standard C main program */ int main(int argc, char **argv) { BigEndian = TRUE; jump_table = NULL; Architecture = 0; Base_Address = 0; struct input_files* input = NULL; output = stdout; char* output_file = ""; exec_enable = FALSE; ByteMode = 16; scratch = calloc(max_string + 1, sizeof(char)); scratch2 = calloc(max_string + 1, sizeof(char)); int option_index = 1; while(option_index <= argc) { if(NULL == argv[option_index]) { option_index = option_index + 1; } else if(match(argv[option_index], "--BigEndian")) { BigEndian = TRUE; option_index = option_index + 1; } else if(match(argv[option_index], "--LittleEndian")) { BigEndian = FALSE; option_index = option_index + 1; } else if(match(argv[option_index], "--exec_enable")) { exec_enable = TRUE; option_index = option_index + 1; } else if(match(argv[option_index], "-A") || match(argv[option_index], "--Architecture")) { Architecture = numerate_string(argv[option_index + 1]); option_index = option_index + 2; } else if(match(argv[option_index], "-b") || match(argv[option_index], "--binary")) { ByteMode = 2; option_index = option_index + 1; } else if(match(argv[option_index], "-B") || match(argv[option_index], "--BaseAddress")) { Base_Address = numerate_string(argv[option_index + 1]); option_index = option_index + 2; } else if(match(argv[option_index], "-h") || match(argv[option_index], "--help")) { file_print("Usage: ", stderr); file_print(argv[0], stderr); file_print(" -f FILENAME1 {-f FILENAME2} (--BigEndian|--LittleEndian)", stderr); file_print(" [--BaseAddress 12345] [--Architecture 12345]\nArchitecture", stderr); file_print(" 0: Knight; 1: x86; 2: AMD64; 40: armv7", stderr); file_print("\nTo leverage octal or binary", stderr); file_print(" input: --octal, --binary\n", stderr); exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } else if(match(argv[option_index], "-f") || match(argv[option_index], "--file")) { struct input_files* temp = calloc(1, sizeof(struct input_files)); temp->filename = argv[option_index + 1]; temp->next = input; input = temp; option_index = option_index + 2; } else if(match(argv[option_index], "-o") || match(argv[option_index], "--output")) { output_file = argv[option_index + 1]; output = fopen(output_file, "w"); if(NULL == output) { file_print("The file: ", stderr); file_print(argv[option_index + 1], stderr); file_print(" can not be opened!\n", stderr); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } option_index = option_index + 2; } else if(match(argv[option_index], "-O") || match(argv[option_index], "--octal")) { ByteMode = 8; option_index = option_index + 1; } else if(match(argv[option_index], "-V") || match(argv[option_index], "--version")) { file_print("hex2 0.3\n", stdout); exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } else { file_print("Unknown option\n", stderr); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } } /* Make sure we have a program tape to run */ if (NULL == input) { return EXIT_FAILURE; } /* Get all of the labels */ ip = Base_Address; first_pass(input); /* Fix all the references*/ ip = Base_Address; second_pass(input); /* Set file as executable */ if(exec_enable) { /* 488 = 750 in octal */ if(0 != chmod(output_file, 488)) { file_print("Unable to change permissions\n", stderr); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } } return EXIT_SUCCESS; }