Currently, when RECLAIM_INIT_CODE is set, the
stacks are scaled to ensure that the entirety
of the init section can be reclaimed as stack.
This causes an issue in lib/psci/aarch64/psci_helpers.S,
where the stack size is used for cache operations in
psci_do_pwrdown_cache_maintenance(). If the stacks
are scaled, then the PSCI code may fail to invalidate
some of the stack memory before power down.
Resizing stacks is also not good for stability in general,
since code that works with a small number of cores may
overflow the stack when the number of cores is increased.
Change to make every stack be PLATFORM_STACK_SIZE big,
and allow the total stack to be smaller than the
init section.
Any pages of the init section not reclaimed as
stack will be set to read-only and execute-never,
for security.
Change-Id: I10b3884981006431f2fcbec3864c81d4a8c246e8
Signed-off-by: David Horstmann <david.horstmann@arm.com>
And from crash_console_flush.
We ignore the error information return by console_flush in _every_
place where we call it, and casting the return type to void does not
work around the MISRA violation that this causes. Instead, we collect
the error information from the driver (to avoid changing that API), and
don't return it to the caller.
Change-Id: I1e35afe01764d5c8f0efd04f8949d333ffb688c1
Signed-off-by: Jimmy Brisson <jimmy.brisson@arm.com>
'EHF' is used by RAS, SDEI, SPM_MM common frameworks.
If platform needs to plug-in specific handlers then
'PLAT_EHF_DESC' can be used to populate platform specific
priority levels.
Signed-off-by: Sandeep Tripathy <sandeep.tripathy@broadcom.com>
Change-Id: I37af7e0e48111f87b6982604bf5c15db3e05755d
This patch includes the bl_common.h from plat_spmd_manifest.c to
fix the following compilation errors
<snip>
plat/common/plat_spmd_manifest.c: In function 'plat_spm_core_manifest_load':
plat/common/plat_spmd_manifest.c:130:18: error: implicit declaration of function 'page_align' [-Werror=implicit-function-declaration]
130 | pm_base_align = page_align(pm_base, UP);
| ^~~~~~~~~~
plat/common/plat_spmd_manifest.c:130:38: error: 'UP' undeclared (first use in this function); did you mean 'UL'?
130 | pm_base_align = page_align(pm_base, UP);
| ^~
| UL
plat/common/plat_spmd_manifest.c:130:38: note: each undeclared identifier is reported only once for each function it appears in
plat/common/plat_spmd_manifest.c:146:38: error: 'DOWN' undeclared (first use in this function)
146 | pm_base_align = page_align(pm_base, DOWN);
| ^~~~
cc1: all warnings being treated as errors
<snip>
Signed-off-by: Varun Wadekar <vwadekar@nvidia.com>
Change-Id: Ib8edb36c6a80a23df2462e708c513c966aab1fef
This resolves MISRA defects such as:
plat/common/plat_bl1_common.c:63:[MISRA C-2012 Rule 14.4 (required)]
The condition expression "1" does not have an essentially boolean type.
Change-Id: I679411980ad661191fbc834a44a5eca5494fd0e2
Signed-off-by: Jimmy Brisson <jimmy.brisson@arm.com>
There was a collision between the name of the typedef in the CASSERT and
something else, so we make the name of the typedef unique to the
invocation of DEFFINE_SVC_UUID2 by appending the name that's passed into
the macro. This eliminates the following MISRA violation:
bl1/bl1_main.c:233:[MISRA C-2012 Rule 5.6 (required)] Identifier
"invalid_svc_uuid" is already used to represent a typedef.
This also resolves MISRA rule 5.9.
These renamings are as follows:
* tzram -> secram. This matches the function call name as it has
sec_mem in it's name
* fw_config_base -> config_base. This file does not mess with
hw_conig, so there's little chance of confusion
Change-Id: I8734ba0956140c8e29b89d0596d10d61a6ef351e
Signed-off-by: Jimmy Brisson <jimmy.brisson@arm.com>
This patch fixes BL31 linker error
"relocation R_AARCH64_ABS32 against `a local symbol'
can not be used when making a shared object"
when Position Independent Executable (PIE) support
is enabled with ENABLE_PIE=1 build option.
Change-Id: I2692269676db3f3b27eed499fc029fffb67969be
Signed-off-by: Alexei Fedorov <Alexei.Fedorov@arm.com>
Currently, 'SMCCC_ARCH_FEATURES' SMC call handler unconditionally
returns 'SMC_OK' for 'SMCCC_ARCH_SOC_ID' function. This seems to
be not correct for the platform which doesn't implement soc-id
functionality i.e. functions to retrieve both soc-version and
soc-revision.
Hence introduced a platform function which will check whether SMCCC
feature is available for the platform.
Also, updated porting guide for the newly added platform function.
Change-Id: I389f0ef6b0837bb24c712aa995b7176117bc7961
Signed-off-by: Manish V Badarkhe <Manish.Badarkhe@arm.com>
This patch adds support for Measured Boot driver functionality
in BL1 and BL2 code.
Change-Id: I7239a94c3e32b0a3e9e73768a0140e0b52ab0361
Signed-off-by: Alexei Fedorov <Alexei.Fedorov@arm.com>
while mapping SPMC manifest page in the SPMD translation regime the
mapped size was resolved to zero if SPMC manifest base address is PAGE
aligned, causing SPMD to abort.
To fix the problem change mapped size to PAGE_SIZE if manifest base is
PAGE aligned.
Signed-off-by: Manish Pandey <manish.pandey2@arm.com>
Change-Id: I06cd39dbefaf492682d9bbb0c82b950dd31fb416
The patch fixes BL31 linker script error
"Init code ends past the end of the stacks"
for platforms with number of CPUs less than 4,
which is caused by __STACKS_END__ address being
lower than __INIT_CODE_END__.
The modified BL31 linker script detects such cases
and increases the total amount of stack memory,
setting __STACKS_END__ = __INIT_CODE_END__, and
CPUs' stacks are calculated by BL31 'plat_get_my_stack'
function accordingly. For platforms with more than 4 CPUs
and __INIT_CODE_END__ < __STACKS_END__ stack memory does not
increase and allocated CPUs' stacks match the existing
implementation.
The patch removes exclusion of PSCI initialization
functions from the reclaimed .init section in
'arm_reclaim_init.ld.S' script, which increases the
size of reclaimed memory region.
Change-Id: I927773e00dd84e1ffe72f9ee534f4f2fc7b6153c
Signed-off-by: Alexei Fedorov <Alexei.Fedorov@arm.com>
SPCI is renamed as PSA FF-A which stands for Platform Security
Architecture Firmware Framework for A class processors.
This patch replaces the occurrence of SPCI with PSA FF-A(in documents)
or simply FFA(in code).
Change-Id: I4ab10adb9ffeef1ff784641dfafd99f515133760
Signed-off-by: J-Alves <joao.alves@arm.com>
This patch enables the v8.6 extension to add a delay before WFE traps
are taken. A weak hook plat_arm_set_twedel_scr_el3 has been added in
plat/common/aarch64/plat_common.c that disables this feature by default
but platform-specific code can override it when needed.
The only hook provided sets the TWED fields in SCR_EL3, there are similar
fields in HCR_EL2, SCTLR_EL2, and SCTLR_EL1 to control WFE trap delays in
lower ELs but these should be configured by code running at EL2 and/or EL1
depending on the platform configuration and is outside the scope of TF-A.
Signed-off-by: John Powell <john.powell@arm.com>
Change-Id: I0a9bb814205efeab693a3d0a0623e62144abba2d
Currently BL2 passes TOS_FW_CONFIG address and size through registers to
BL31. This corresponds to SPMC manifest load address and size. The SPMC
manifest is mapped in BL31 by dynamic mapping. This patch removes BL2
changes from generic code (which were enclosed by SPD=spmd) and retrieves
SPMC manifest size directly from within SPMD. The SPMC manifest load
address is still passed through a register by generic code.
Signed-off-by: Olivier Deprez <olivier.deprez@arm.com>
Change-Id: I35c5abd95c616ae25677302f0b1d0c45c51c042f
As a follow-up to bdd2596d4, and related to SPM Dispatcher
EL3 component and SPM Core S-EL2/S-EL1 component: update
with cosmetic and coding rules changes. In addition:
-Add Armv8.4-SecEL2 arch detection helper.
-Add an SPMC context (on current core) get helper.
-Return more meaningful error return codes.
-Remove complexity in few spmd_smc_handler switch-cases.
-Remove unused defines and structures from spmd_private.h
Signed-off-by: Olivier Deprez <olivier.deprez@arm.com>
Change-Id: I99e642450b0dafb19d3218a2f0e2d3107e8ca3fe
Our fdtw_read_cells() implementation goes to great lengths to
sanity-check every parameter and result, but leaves a big hole open:
The size of the storage the value pointer points at needs to match the
number of cells given. This can't be easily checked at compile time,
since we lose the size information by using a void pointer.
Regardless the current usage of this function is somewhat wrong anyways,
since we use it on single-element, fixed-length properties only, for
which the DT binding specifies the size.
Typically we use those functions dealing with a number of cells in DT
context to deal with *dynamically* sized properties, which depend on
other properties (#size-cells, #clock-cells, ...), to specify the number
of cells needed.
Another problem with the current implementation is the use of
ambiguously sized types (uintptr_t, size_t) together with a certain
expectation about their size. In general there is no relation between
the length of a DT property and the bitness of the code that parses the
DTB: AArch64 code could encounter 32-bit addresses (where the physical
address space is limited to 4GB [1]), while AArch32 code could read
64-bit sized properties (/memory nodes on LPAE systems, [2]).
To make this more clear, fix the potential issues and also align more
with other DT users (Linux and U-Boot), introduce functions to explicitly
read uint32 and uint64 properties. As the other DT consumers, we do this
based on the generic "read array" function.
Convert all users to use either of those two new functions, and make
sure we never use a pointer to anything other than uint32_t or uint64_t
variables directly.
This reveals (and fixes) a bug in plat_spmd_manifest.c, where we write
4 bytes into a uint16_t variable (passed via a void pointer).
Also we change the implementation of the function to better align with
other libfdt users, by using the right types (fdt32_t) and common
variable names (*prop, prop_names).
[1] https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/arch/arm64/boot/dts/allwinner/sun50i-a64.dtsi#n874
[2] https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/arch/arm/boot/dts/ecx-2000.dts
Change-Id: I718de960515117ac7a3331a1b177d2ec224a3890
Signed-off-by: Andre Przywara <andre.przywara@arm.com>
On DynamIQ CPU FVPs, stats test cases are failing when
hardware-assisted coherency is enabled due to a corrupt
timestamp value. Investigation of the issue indicates that
on these models the timestamp value is stored in cache
instead of memory. This patch flushes the dcache when the
timestamp is stored to make sure it is stored in memory.
Change-Id: I05cd54ba5991a5a96dd07f1e08b5212273201411
Signed-off-by: Zelalem <zelalem.aweke@arm.com>
Implemented SMCCC_ARCH_SOC_ID call in order to get below
SOC information:
1. SOC revision
2. SOC version
Implementation done using below SMCCC specification document:
https://developer.arm.com/docs/den0028/c
Signed-off-by: Manish V Badarkhe <Manish.Badarkhe@arm.com>
Change-Id: Ie0595f1c345a6429a6fb4a7f05534a0ca9c9a48b
This patch introduces the `SPCI_ID_GET` interface which will return the
ID of the calling SPCI component. Returns 0 for requests from the
non-secure world and the SPCI component ID as specified in the manifest
for secure world requests.
Change-Id: Icf81eb1d0e1d7d5c521571e04972b6e2d356e0d1
Signed-off-by: Max Shvetsov <maksims.svecovs@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Marc Bonnici <marc.bonnici@arm.com>
This patch provides a fix for incorrect crash dump data for
lower EL when TF-A is built with HANDLE_EA_EL3_FIRST=1 option
which enables routing of External Aborts and SErrors to EL3.
Change-Id: I9d5e6775e6aad21db5b78362da6c3a3d897df977
Signed-off-by: Alexei Fedorov <Alexei.Fedorov@arm.com>
TBBR spec advocates for optional encryption of firmwares (see optional
requirement: R060_TBBR_FUNCTION). So add an IO abstaction layer to
support firmware decryption that can be stacked above any underlying IO/
packaging layer like FIP etc. It aims to provide a framework to load any
encrypted IO payload.
Also, add plat_get_enc_key_info() to be implemented in a platform
specific manner as handling of encryption key may vary from one platform
to another.
Signed-off-by: Sumit Garg <sumit.garg@linaro.org>
Change-Id: I9892e0ddf00ebecb8981301dbfa41ea23e078b03
Added SPMD_SPM_AT_SEL2 build command line parameter.
Set to 1 to run SPM at S-EL2.
Set to 0 to run SPM at S-EL1 (pre-v8.4 or S-EL2 is disabled).
Removed runtime EL from SPM core manifest.
Change-Id: Icb4f5ea4c800f266880db1d410d63fe27a1171c0
Signed-off-by: Artsem Artsemenka <artsem.artsemenka@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Max Shvetsov <maksims.svecovs@arm.com>
This patch moves the MHZ_TICKS_PER_SEC macro to utils_def.h
for other platforms to use.
Signed-off-by: Varun Wadekar <vwadekar@nvidia.com>
Change-Id: I6c4dc733f548d73cfdb3515ec9ad89a9efaf4407
This patch repurposes the TOS FW configuration file as the manifest for
the SPM core component which will reside at the secure EL adjacent to
EL3. The SPM dispatcher component will use the manifest to determine how
the core component must be initialised. Routines and data structure to
parse the manifest have also been added.
Signed-off-by: Achin Gupta <achin.gupta@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Artsem Artsemenka <artsem.artsemenka@arm.com>
Change-Id: Id94f8ece43b4e05609f0a1d364708a912f6203cb
NOTE for platform integrators:
API `plat_psci_stat_get_residency()` third argument
`last_cpu_idx` is changed from "signed int" to the
"unsigned int" type.
Issue / Trouble points
1. cpu_idx is used as mix of `unsigned int` and `signed int` in code
with typecasting at some places leading to coverity issues.
2. Underlying platform API's return cpu_idx as `unsigned int`
and comparison is performed with platform specific defines
`PLAFORM_xxx` which is not consistent
Misra Rule 10.4:
The value of a complex expression of integer type may only be cast to
a type that is narrower and of the same signedness as the underlying
type of the expression.
Based on above points, cpu_idx is kept as `unsigned int` to match
the API's and low-level functions and platform defines are updated
where ever required
Signed-off-by: Deepika Bhavnani <deepika.bhavnani@arm.com>
Change-Id: Ib26fd16e420c35527204b126b9b91e8babcc3a5c
In further patches, we aim to enable -Wredundant-decls by default.
This rearragement of helper macros is necessary to make Coverity
tool happy as well as making sure there are no redundant function
declarations for PMF related declarations.
Also, PMF related macros were added to provide appropriate function
declarations for helper APIs which capture PSCI statistics.
Change-Id: I36273032dde8fa079ef71235ed3a4629c5bfd981
Signed-off-by: Madhukar Pappireddy <madhukar.pappireddy@arm.com>
The Secure Partition Manager (SPM) prototype implementation is
being removed. This is preparatory work for putting in place a
dispatcher component that, in turn, enables partition managers
at S-EL2 / S-EL1.
This patch removes:
- The core service files (std_svc/spm)
- The Resource Descriptor headers (include/services)
- SPRT protocol support and service definitions
- SPCI protocol support and service definitions
Change-Id: Iaade6f6422eaf9a71187b1e2a4dffd7fb8766426
Signed-off-by: Paul Beesley <paul.beesley@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Artsem Artsemenka <artsem.artsemenka@arm.com>
This patch adds support for the Undefined Behaviour sanitizer. There are
two types of support offered - minimalistic trapping support which
essentially immediately crashes on undefined behaviour and full support
with full debug messages.
The full support relies on ubsan.c which has been adapted from code used
by OPTEE.
Change-Id: I417c810f4fc43dcb56db6a6a555bfd0b38440727
Signed-off-by: Justin Chadwell <justin.chadwell@arm.com>
Currently, console drivers prepend '\r' to '\n' by themselves. This is
common enough to be supported in the framework.
Add a new flag, CONSOLE_FLAG_TRANSLATE_CRLF. A driver can set this
flag to ask the framework to transform LF into CRLF instead of doing
it by itself.
Change-Id: I4f5c5887591bc0a8749a105abe62b6562eaf503b
Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <yamada.masahiro@socionext.com>
NOTE: AARCH32/AARCH64 macros are now deprecated in favor of __aarch64__.
All common C compilers pre-define the same macros to signal which
architecture the code is being compiled for: __arm__ for AArch32 (or
earlier versions) and __aarch64__ for AArch64. There's no need for TF-A
to define its own custom macros for this. In order to unify code with
the export headers (which use __aarch64__ to avoid another dependency),
let's deprecate the AARCH32 and AARCH64 macros and switch the code base
over to the pre-defined standard macro. (Since it is somewhat
unintuitive that __arm__ only means AArch32, let's standardize on only
using __aarch64__.)
Change-Id: Ic77de4b052297d77f38fc95f95f65a8ee70cf200
Signed-off-by: Julius Werner <jwerner@chromium.org>
The default implementations are defined in crash_console_helpers.S. The
platforms have to define plat_crash_console_*.
Implemented placeholders for platforms that were missing helpers.
Change-Id: Iea60b6f851956916e421dfd8c34a62d96eb9148e
Signed-off-by: Ambroise Vincent <ambroise.vincent@arm.com>
Improved support for W=1 compilation flag by solving missing-prototypes
and old-style-definition warnings.
The libraries are compiling with warnings (which turn into errors with
the Werror flag).
Outside of libraries, some warnings cannot be fixed without heavy
structural changes.
Change-Id: I1668cf99123ac4195c2a6a1d48945f7a64c67f16
Signed-off-by: Ambroise Vincent <ambroise.vincent@arm.com>
Due to the shared Mbed TLS heap optimisation introduced in 6d01a463,
common code files were depending on Mbed TLS specific headers. This
dependency is now removed by moving the default, unoptimised heap
implementation inside the Mbed TLS specific files.
Change-Id: I11ea3eb4474f0d9b6cb79a2afd73a51a4a9b8994
Signed-off-by: John Tsichritzis <john.tsichritzis@arm.com>
Fix some typos and clarify some sentences.
Change-Id: Id276d1ced9a991b4eddc5c47ad9a825e6b29ef74
Signed-off-by: Antonio Nino Diaz <antonio.ninodiaz@arm.com>
This patch removes the unused functions that are marked as .global
in code but not defined anywhere in the code.
Change-Id: Ia5057a77c0b0b4a61043eab868734cd3437304cc
Signed-off-by: Varun Wadekar <vwadekar@nvidia.com>
Enforce full include path for includes. Deprecate old paths.
The following folders inside include/lib have been left unchanged:
- include/lib/cpus/${ARCH}
- include/lib/el3_runtime/${ARCH}
The reason for this change is that having a global namespace for
includes isn't a good idea. It defeats one of the advantages of having
folders and it introduces problems that are sometimes subtle (because
you may not know the header you are actually including if there are two
of them).
For example, this patch had to be created because two headers were
called the same way: e0ea0928d5 ("Fix gpio includes of mt8173 platform
to avoid collision."). More recently, this patch has had similar
problems: 46f9b2c3a2 ("drivers: add tzc380 support").
This problem was introduced in commit 4ecca33988 ("Move include and
source files to logical locations"). At that time, there weren't too
many headers so it wasn't a real issue. However, time has shown that
this creates problems.
Platforms that want to preserve the way they include headers may add the
removed paths to PLAT_INCLUDES, but this is discouraged.
Change-Id: I39dc53ed98f9e297a5966e723d1936d6ccf2fc8f
Signed-off-by: Antonio Nino Diaz <antonio.ninodiaz@arm.com>
Load SP and RD from package instead of relying on RD being already
loaded in memory and the SP being loaded as a BL32 image.
Change-Id: I18d4fbf4597656c6a7e878e1d7c01a8a324f3f8a
Signed-off-by: Antonio Nino Diaz <antonio.ninodiaz@arm.com>
This avoids the following warnings:
no previous prototype for 'bl2_arch_setup' [-Wmissing-prototypes]
no previous prototype for 'plat_log_get_prefix' [-Wmissing-prototypes]
Also correct a compilation issue if BL2_IN_XIP_MEM is enabled:
uintptr_t is not defined.
Signed-off-by: Lionel Debieve <lionel.debieve@st.com>
Signed-off-by: Yann Gautier <yann.gautier@st.com>
Introduce helpers to create resource description struct, as well as code
to load the information from DTB files.
Change-Id: I0f5bb94eb8b01c6cb53fe807a9db0c05a70d7a43
Signed-off-by: Antonio Nino Diaz <antonio.ninodiaz@arm.com>
Crash reporting via the default consoles registered by MULTI_CONSOLE_API
has been broken since commit d35cc34 (Console: Use callee-saved
registers), which was introduced to allow console drivers written in C.
It's not really possible with the current crash reporting framework to
support console drivers in C, however we should make sure that the
existing assembly drivers that do support crash reporting continue to
work through the MULTI_CONSOLE_API.
This patch fixes the problem by creating custom console_putc() and
console_flush() implementations for the crash reporting case that do not
use the stack. Platforms that want to use this feature will have to link
plat/common/aarch64/crash_console_helpers.S explicitly.
Also update the documentation to better reflect the new reality (of this
being an option rather than the expected default for most platforms).
Change-Id: Id0c761e5e2fddaf25c277bc7b8ab603946ca73cb
Signed-off-by: Julius Werner <jwerner@chromium.org>
Commit e74afb652 (Deprecate weak crash console functions) deprecated the
default inclusion of weak definitions for plat_crash_console functions
in plat/common/aarch64/platform_helpers.S. The code was later copied out
to plat/common/aarch64/crash_console_helpers.S so platforms can link it
explicitly if they want to. However, since deprecation does not mean
removal, the same code is also still duplicated in platform_helpers.S.
The duplicated code contains both empty stubs for the !MULTI_CONSOLE_API
case, and a real implementation that used to work but was broken by
commit d35cc34 (Console: Use callee-saved registers) for
MULTI_CONSOLE_API. It's not great to have both of these duplicated in
two files, so this patch splits them up: in platform_helpers.S we'll
only keep the empty stubs (guarded by !ERROR_DEPRECATED), which should
not regress functionality since the MULTI_CONSOLE_API implementation was
already broken anyway. In crash_console_helpers.S, we'll only keep the
MULTI_CONSOLE_API version, which is enough both as an implementation in
itself and as a sample for how to reimplement these functions in a
platform-specific file.
Change-Id: I83d95a90ab6aac597dc2ea2f2797ac2c8ed075d4
Signed-off-by: Julius Werner <jwerner@chromium.org>
This function is not related to Arm platforms and can be reused by other
platforms if needed.
Change-Id: Ia9c328ce57ce7e917b825a9e09a42b0abb1a53e8
Co-authored-by: Antonio Nino Diaz <antonio.ninodiaz@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Antonio Nino Diaz <antonio.ninodiaz@arm.com>
There are several platforms using arm_setup_page_tables(), which is
supposed to be Arm platform only. This creates several dependency
problems between platforms.
This patch adds the definition XLAT_TABLES_LIB_V2 to the xlat tables lib
v2 makefile. This way it is possible to detect from C code which version
is being used and include the correct header.
The file arm_xlat_tables.h has been renamed to xlat_tables_compat.h and
moved to a common folder. This way, when in doubt, this header can be
used to guarantee compatibility, as it includes the correct header based
on XLAT_TABLES_LIB_V2.
This patch also removes the usage of ARM_XLAT_TABLES_V1 from QEMU (so
that is now locked in xlat lib v2) and ZynqMP (where it was added as a
workaround).
Change-Id: Ie1e22a23b44c549603d1402a237a70d0120d3e04
Signed-off-by: Antonio Nino Diaz <antonio.ninodiaz@arm.com>
Alexei Fedorov
David Horstmann
Jimmy Brisson
Sandeep Tripathy
Varun Wadekar
Manish V Badarkhe
Manish Pandey
J-Alves
johpow01
Olivier Deprez
Andre Przywara
Zelalem
Max Shvetsov
Mark Dykes
Sumit Garg
Achin Gupta
Deepika Bhavnani
Madhukar Pappireddy
Paul Beesley
Justin Chadwell
Masahiro Yamada
Julius Werner
Ambroise Vincent
Antonio Niño Díaz
John Tsichritzis
Soby Mathew
Yann Gautier
Roberto Vargas